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    Since I've been recommending for years web sources such as the
    Weather Underground for those wanting site-specific weather data ,
    it behooves me to know how reliable are such data?   It's difficult
    to answer that question in the absolute sense because there are no
    incontrovertible sources against which to compare. However, I did
    the next best thing, which is to compare the data against that from
    a nearby major weather station and then look to see whether the
    differences make sense according to general understanding of terrain
    factors and  urban microclimate variations.
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              <p>This comparison was not done in a vacuum, but in
                response to a client who wanted weather data for a site
                in Portland Oregon, with a particular interest on the
                amount of rainfall.  The map below shows  the site of
                interest (red teardrop) and the NSW station at the
                Portland Airport 4.5 miles away.  The Weather
                Underground station PORTL437 is located about 0.5 miles
                to the east of the site equidistant on the other side of
                the MLKing Blvd.</p>
              <p>I'll let the plots in my reply to the client speak for
                themselves, but my general feeling is that the WU data
                looked quite consistent with the airport data, and that
                the differences are quite understandable, e.g., the
                reduced wind speeds and the lack of correlation in the
                wind direction, since the airport station is in a flat
                open area next to the Columbia River, while the WU
                station is in a urban residential area 4-5 miles away.</p>
              <p>I'm still withholding judgement whether the 60%
                difference in the recorded rainfall is real, a result of
                the placement of the WU station, or a defect in the
                measurement protocol.  Come to think of it, I don't know
                how these automated weather stations record rainfall
                (liquid precipitation to be technically correct).  I can
                only think of a rain gauge that's manually recorded and
                maintained.</p>
              <p>Joe<br>
              </p>
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                -------- Forwarded Message --------
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                      <th nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE"
                        align="RIGHT">Subject: </th>
                      <td>Re: Weather data for Portland with monthly
                        updates</td>
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                      <th nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE"
                        align="RIGHT">Date: </th>
                      <td>Fri, 23 Feb 2018 16:27:07 -0800</td>
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                      <th nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE"
                        align="RIGHT">From: </th>
                      <td>Joe Huang <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E"
                          href="mailto:yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com"
                          moz-do-not-send="true"><yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com></a></td>
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                      <th nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE"
                        align="RIGHT">To: </th>
                      <td>XXXX</td>
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                <p>XXXX,</p>
                <p>Attached are both weather files for the ISD station
                  at the Portland Airport (OR_PORTLAND-IAP_726980_18)
                  and the Weather Underground site KORPORTL437
                  (OR_WU_PORTL437_18).  The data are available through
                  Feb. 22 for the ISD station and through Feb. 23 for
                  the WU station.<br>
                </p>
                <p>Out of curiosity, I compared the data between the two
                  files (see below). The dry-bulb and dewpoint
                  temperatures are very well correlated, so that I find
                  the hourly variations to be credible and reflecting
                  microclimate differences.  The wind speeds are about
                  three times higher at the airport, which is also
                  believable, while there is no correlation in the wind
                  direction.  The rainfall amount also differs, with the
                  airport reporting  60 % more than at the  PORTL437
                  Weather Underground station. <br>
                </p>
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                <pre class="moz-signature" cols="90">Joe Huang
White Box Technologies, Inc.
346 Rheem Blvd., Suite 205A
Moraga CA 94556
<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com" moz-do-not-send="true">yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com</a>
</pre>
                <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
                  href="http://weather.whiteboxtechnologies.com"
                  moz-do-not-send="true">http://weather.whiteboxtechnologies.com</a>
                for simulation-ready weather data (o) (925)388-0265 (c)
                (510)928-2683 "building energy simulations at your
                fingertips" <br>
                <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2/19/2018 12:39 PM, XXXX
                  wrote:<br>
                </div>
                <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CA+bb+RigW+h9WdD2zOSuzrj604o0N_uGF-d2_0oh_vrOzzv0kw@mail.gmail.com">
                  <div dir="ltr">Joe, 
                    <div><br>
                    </div>
                    <div>Yeah, the precipitation data as well as
                      relative humidity is crucial to my study so that's
                      why I am a bit concerned. If you are willing to
                      separate out ISD and WU that would be great
                      because I could compare the two and see if the
                      problem is just isolated to precipitation. It did
                      seem like weather underground's RH and temp. data
                      were what I expected so I was planning on sticking
                      with that. I would like to see how weather
                      underground's wind data compares to ISD because
                      driving rain has some importance me. Thanks for
                      the info on the NOAA data. </div>
                    <div><br>
                    </div>
                    <div>XXXX</div>
                  </div>
                  <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                    <div class="gmail_quote">On Mon, Feb 19, 2018 at
                      12:41 PM, Joe Huang <span dir="ltr"><<a
                          href="mailto:yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com"
                          target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com</a>></span>
                      wrote:<br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0
                        0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc
                        solid;padding-left:1ex">
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                          <p>XXXX,</p>
                          <p>OK. Will do.  However, I wouldn't go as far
                            as you in dismissing the WU data simply
                            because the rain measurements differ from
                            other sources.  For one, I'm not sure what
                            mechanisms are used in the automatic weather
                            stations such as the WU stations to measure
                            rainfall.  It could be that the measurement
                            method is unreliable, or it could mean that
                            there is that amount of difference due to
                            other factors - shielding, microclimate
                            variations, what not.  Are the rainfall
                            measurements of primary importance to you? I
                            could give you both  ( ISD and WU) if you're
                            interested, no difference in price.  Also, I
                            don't think of the ISD data as NOAA data,
                            since the weather station is a NWS station
                            and the only way NOAA is involved is that
                            the NCDC/NCEI that maintains the ISD has now
                            moved from the Dept. of Commerce to NOAA.</p>
                          <p>Joe<br>
                          </p>
                          <pre class="m_-8268520906411674597moz-signature" cols="90">Joe Huang
White Box Technologies, Inc.
346 Rheem Blvd., Suite 205A
Moraga CA 94556
<a class="m_-8268520906411674597moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.<wbr>com</a>
<a class="m_-8268520906411674597moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://weather.whiteboxtechnologies.com" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">http://weather.<wbr>whiteboxtechnologies.com</a> for simulation-ready weather data
(o) <a href="tel:%28925%29%20388-0265" value="+19253880265" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">(925)388-0265</a>
(c) <a href="tel:%28510%29%20928-2683" value="+15109282683" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">(510)928-2683</a>
"building energy simulations at your fingertips"
</pre>
                          <div
                            class="m_-8268520906411674597moz-cite-prefix">On
                            2/19/2018 8:23 AM, XXXX wrote:<br>
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                            <div dir="ltr">Hi Joe, 
                              <div><br>
                              </div>
                              <div>Can you send me another monthly
                                weather update for OR_WU_PORTL437_17
                                (All of 2017 + January 2018)? I would
                                actually like to switch to NOAA data for
                                this weather file because of the
                                precipitation discrepancy we had
                                discussed earlier. I had originally
                                chosen weather underground because I
                                thought it would give a bit better
                                resolution for the Portland area but it
                                seems maybe there is some error at this
                                location. </div>
                              <div><br>
                              </div>
                              <div>Thanks, </div>
                              <div><br>
                              </div>
                              XXXX</div>
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