<div dir="ltr">Joe,<div><br></div><div>Awesome work with the solar data! DOE2 uses IRAIN to set the outside surface temperature of roofs to the ambient wetbulb when rain is present. E+ increases the outside heat transfer coefficient to 1000 when rain is present, but I can't quite tell if it is reading in a rain flag or if this is always false. Probably only a small impact on energy consumption.</div><div><br></div><div>Aaron</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Jan 9, 2018 at 2:11 PM, Joe Huang via Bldg-sim <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org" target="_blank">bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p>The 9-digit Present Weather Code (PW) was used only in North
America before the turn of the century an long since replaced by a
METAR 2-digit PW code now used in weather reports around the
world. So, if the epw format leaves space for this old coding,
it's functionally dead space and probably filled with 999999999 in
all files except the old TMY2s and CWECs. The Liquid Precipitation
(LP) is very different because it gives the amount of
precipitation and time over which it occurred, typically in
multiples of 6 up to 24 hours, not whether or not there is rain
during that hour. This makes LP reports basically unusable in
simulations, which is why I spent several weeks back in 2015 to
convert the LP in the TMY3s to hourly records. So, if EnergyPlus
is relying on the LP field to detect the presence of rain, make
sure that the LP has undergone such a data transformation. And
what about snow flag, which seems to be of greater interest ?<br>
</p>
<p>In my opinion, if the rain and snow flags are useful, we should
take them from the current 2-digit METAR PWC. I've already doing
that starting with the IWEC2 weather files, where I added an
extra field for PW to the end of the TMY3 format, although I
never made a big fuss about the format change. PW appears on all
the weather files that I produce in the *.FIN4 format, but it's
lost in the conversion to epw nor have I bothered to use them to
set the ISNOW and IRAIN flags in the DOE-2 bin files. To do so
is very easy, since in the METAR PWC all instances of rain have
the same initial digit, as do all instances of snow. <br>
</p><span class="">
<p>Joe<br>
</p>
<pre class="m_-3789007891426985565moz-signature" cols="90">Joe Huang
White Box Technologies, Inc.
346 Rheem Blvd., Suite 205A
Moraga CA 94556
<a class="m_-3789007891426985565moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com" target="_blank">yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.<wbr>com</a>
<a class="m_-3789007891426985565moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://weather.whiteboxtechnologies.com" target="_blank">http://weather.<wbr>whiteboxtechnologies.com</a> for simulation-ready weather data
(o) <a href="tel:(925)%20388-0265" value="+19253880265" target="_blank">(925)388-0265</a>
(c) <a href="tel:(510)%20928-2683" value="+15109282683" target="_blank">(510)928-2683</a>
"building energy simulations at your fingertips"
</pre>
</span><span class=""><div class="m_-3789007891426985565moz-cite-prefix">On 1/9/2018 4:32 AM, Linda Lawrie
wrote:<br>
</div>
</span><blockquote type="cite"><span class="">
<font size="3">Actually, EnergyPlus (and the epw format) uses
coded flags
in the 9 digit "Present Weather Codes" to determine and
set Rain/Snow. Now that some stations include precipitation
(albeit
liquid) EnergyPlus sets the rain flag when there is adequate
precipitation currently.<br>
<br>
I believe the updated TMY3 format went away from the 9 digit
present
weather codes, so EnergyPlus would rely on the "preciitation"
field in the epw file.<br>
<br>
It would not be impossible to bring those back to the CWEC data;
however,
probably not as individual flags.<br>
<br>
Linda<br>
<br>
At 04:44 PM 1/8/2018, Joe Huang via Bldg-sim wrote:<br>
</font>
</span><blockquote type="cite" class="m_-3789007891426985565cite"><font size="3"><span class="">Content-Type:
multipart/alternative;<br>
boundary="------------<wbr>E16429D68ABA1BA04C74DF5C"<br>
Content-Language: en-US<br>
<br></span>
The rain and snow flags are still available in the raw weather
station
data, but haven't been included in the processed weather files
since the
1990's because everyone in this hemisphere at least have
adopted
the TMY2/TMY3 formats, in content if not the literal file
format,
developed by NREL, which does not include these two flags. I
was also
under the impression that none of the simulation programs,
such as DOE-2,
do not use these two flags anyway.  If these flags are of
use, it
would make sense to include them, which would not require a
change in the
DOE-2 *.BINM format, but would require a change to the
EnergyPlus *.epw
format.<br>
<br>
Joe<br>
<br>
</font><span class="">
<pre>Joe Huang
White Box Technologies, Inc.
346 Rheem Blvd., Suite 205A
Moraga CA 94556
<a href="mailto:yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com" target="_blank">
yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.<wbr>com</a>
<a href="http://weather.whiteboxtechnologies.com/" target="_blank">
http://weather.<wbr>whiteboxtechnologies.com</a> for simulation-ready weather
data
(o) <a href="tel:(925)%20388-0265" value="+19253880265" target="_blank">(925)388-0265</a>
(c) <a href="tel:(510)%20928-2683" value="+15109282683" target="_blank">(510)928-2683</a>
"building energy simulations at your fingertips"
</pre>
On 1/8/2018 12:15
PM, 'Jones, Christopher'
<a href="mailto:christopher.r.jones@wsp.com" target="_blank">
christopher.r.jones@wsp.com</a> [EnergyPlus_Support] wrote:<br>
</span><blockquote type="cite" class="m_-3789007891426985565cite">Â <br><span class="">
<br>
I have a question – what happened to the rain and snow flags
that were in
the old CWEC file but are missing in the latest versions. Many
snow
melting systems have a snow/rain sensor in the slab used to
trigger the
system on. <br>
<br></span>
 <br>
<br>
<b>Â <br>
</b><span class=""><br>
<b>Christopher R. Jones</b>, P.Eng.<br>
<br>
Technical Specialist<br>
<br>
Sustainability & Energy<br>
<br></span><span class="">
 <br>
<br>
<img src="cid:part4.9999583B.64ACAB20@whiteboxtechnologies.com" alt="[]" height="37" width="78">
<br>
<br>
T <a href="tel:(416)%20644-0252" value="+14166440252" target="_blank">+1 416-644-0252</a><br>
<br>
 <br>
<br></span><span class="">
2300 Yonge Street, Suite 2300<br>
<br>
Toronto, ON M4P 1E4 Canada<br>
<br>
<a href="http://wsp.htm" target="_blank">wsp.com</a><br>
<br>
</span><u>Â <br>
</u><br>
<b>Â <br>
</b><span class=""><br>
<i>Please consider the environment before printing...<br>
</i><br></span>
 <br>
<br>
 <br><span class="">
<br>
<b>From:</b> Equest-users
[<a href="mailto:equest-users-bounces@lists.onebuilding.org" target="_blank">
mailto:equest-users-bounces@<wbr>lists.onebuilding.org</a>] <b>On
Behalf Of
</b>Joe Huang via Equest-users<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, January 02, 2018 10:15 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Nicholas Caton
<a href="mailto:Nicholas.Caton@schneider-electric.com" target="_blank">
<Nicholas.Caton@schneider-<wbr>electric.com></a>; BLDG-SIM
<a href="mailto:bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org" target="_blank">
<bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.<wbr>org></a>;
EnergyPlus_Support
<a href="mailto:EnergyPlus_Support@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">
<EnergyPlus_Support@<wbr>yahoogroups.com></a>;
<a href="mailto:equest-users@onebuilding.org" target="_blank">
equest-users@onebuilding.org</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Jim Dirkes
<a href="mailto:jim@buildingperformanceteam.com" target="_blank">
<jim@buildingperformanceteam.<wbr>com></a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Equest-users] White Box Technologies
brings
simulation weather data to the satellite age<br>
<br></span>
 <br>
<br>
Nick,<br>
<br><span class="">
This is an interesting topic that has evolved in an unexpected
way. Now that NREL has mastered the technology of
satellite-derived solar radiation, they have regarded weather
station
data as an impediment, since there's no way to get such
measured data to
match the 5-kilometer grid of the satellite-derived solar.Â
Therefore, they have abandoned the weather station data (which
was was
used in all the TMYs to date) and gone instead to Reanalysis
Data from
NOAA's MERRA, which is running a climate forecasting model in
retrospective mode. I don't have time now to discuss
reanalysis, except
to say that from what I've seen the results are decidedly
"iffy". Almost two years ago, I managed to get a Work
Statement through ASHRAEÂ for someone to take a good look at
reanalysis data.<br>
<br>
So, what does this mean for your question?  NREL's National
Solar
Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) can now get you the hourly time
series or a
TMY for more than a million grid points over the US, all with
satellite-derived solar radiation but MERRA results for the
other
climate parameters. I've told NREL several years ago that
for the
building simulation industry it would be much better to merge
theÂ
satellite-derived solar with actual station data that give
good accurate
coverage of urban areas where buildings are located. NREL's
response was
that they'd be happy to do this, but someone has to pay them
for the
work. <br>
<br></span>
In response to your hypothesis below, I think you're being too
disparaging of the previous modeling efforts while raising too
high your
expectations of satellite solar. It's not that the previous
models
failed to account for local climate conditions, but that they
lacked good
data to drive them. For example, all models included terms
for
cloud cover and clearness, or for the more detailed physical
models
arcane parameters like aerosol optical depth, preciptable
moisture,
etc., but how available are the input data and how reliable
are
they? The advantages of satellite-derived solar are that
they
provide a comprehensive and objective view of the cloud
conditions, which
combined with satellite measurements of the atmospheric
conditions
and improved modeling, results in accuracies that previous
modeling efforts can not attain. As far as discerning
localized
effects of smog and dust in urban areas, that would still
depend on
whether there's sufficient monitoring at that spatial and time
scale to
detect the differences.  What I mean is that it's one thing
to
observe that in general urban locations have more smog and
particulates
than rural locations, but it's something else to quantify the
resultant
differences in solar radiation over time and distance.<br>
<br>
I'd like to take the opportunity here to step back and comment
on the
status of weather data for the building energy community, My
interactions
with NREL has brought the realization that we have been
piggy-backing on
the efforts of others outside our community for our weather
data.Â
I don't intend to pick on the NREL Solar Program, several of
whom I
consider friends and colleagues, but their target client is
the solar
power industry. Since solar power arrays can be installed
anywhere, preferably in rural uninhabited locations, it makes
sense to go
to satellite-derived solar. It's also clear that to serve
that
industry, NREL would focus its efforts on getting the best
solar values,
while all the other climatic parameters, like temperature,
humidity, wind
speed, etc., are secondary, which may be why getting them from
MERRA is a
satisfactory choice. The focus on solar is also evident in
the
weighting used by NREL to develop the TMYs, with 50% weight
placed on the
2 solar and 50% on the remaining 8 non-solar parameters. <br>
<br>
For the building energy community, or priorities are somewhat
different.
Since 99% of buildings are located in urban locations, we
should focus
much more on climate in urban areas. Luckily, that's also
where
the great majority of existing weather are located, which is
why I'm
resistant to throwing out measured weather data and replacing
them with
synthetic data, no matter how much they've been "seeded" with
real data. As for the weighting of climate parameters in
selecting the
typical months, why not use building energy simulations and
weight
them by the distribution of heating and cooling loads? <br><span class="">
<br>
Joe<br>
<br>
<pre>Joe Huang</pre>
<br>
<pre>White Box Technologies,
Inc.</pre>
<br>
<pre>346 Rheem Blvd., Suite
205A</pre>
<br>
<pre>Moraga CA
94556</pre>
<br>
<pre><a href="mailto:yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com" target="_blank">
yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.<wbr>com</a></pre>
<br>
<pre><a href="http://weather.whiteboxtechnologies.com/" target="_blank">
http://weather.<wbr>whiteboxtechnologies.com</a> for simulation-ready weather
data</pre>
<br>
<pre>(o)
<a href="tel:(925)%20388-0265" value="+19253880265" target="_blank">(925)388-0265</a></pre>
<br>
<pre>(c)
<a href="tel:(510)%20928-2683" value="+15109282683" target="_blank">(510)928-2683</a></pre>
<br>
<pre>"building energy simulations at your
fingertips"</pre>
<br>
On 1/2/2018 9:30 AM, Nicholas Caton wrote:<br>
</span><dl>
<br>
<dd>Hi Joe,<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>From your perspective, are NREL or any other
government/professional
bodies making moves/indications to update/refresh the
current TMY3 sets
to utilize satellite-derived solar radiation? Seems like
a
no-brainer for our industry, but is there a
counter-argument? It
seems likely, but has there been rigorous comparisons of
satellite-derived solar radiation against measured values
and/or our
“present-day†solar models used to derive solar
radiation information
for building energy simulation?<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Also, I’m trying to understand and correctly
characterize the
impact of this development in simple terms my brain can
follow. Is
it fair to say: <br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>The solar models used in developing weather files for
building energy
simulations to-date in our industry (including all/most
industry-standard
TMY weather sets), because they have been using solar
radiation derived
from (evolving) solar models, have not accounted for the
likes of
local climate cloud cover / smog / dust? Seattle
(~47°N) has
perhaps been seeing as much sunlight through the winter as
Paris
(~48°N)?<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd><span class="">
<dd>Does satellite-derived solar radiation address some or
all of these
local climate issues (cloud cover, smog, dust) affecting
direct/indirect
solar radiation? <br>
<br>
</dd>
</span><dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd><span class="">
<dd>Thanks sincerely for all your teaching Joe,<br>
<br>
</dd>
</span><dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>~Nick<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd><span class="">
<dd>
<img src="cid:part14.7425DB37.3348E576@whiteboxtechnologies.com" alt="[]" height="9" width="726">
<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Nick Caton, P.E., BEMP<br>
<br>
</dd>
</span><span class=""><dd>Â Senior Energy Engineer<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â Regional Energy Engineering Manager<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â Energy and Sustainability Services<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â Schneider Electric<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>DÂ Â <a href="tel:(913)%20564-6361" value="+19135646361" target="_blank">913.564.6361</a> <br>
</dd>
<dd>MÂ Â <a href="tel:(785)%20410-3317" value="+17854103317" target="_blank">785.410.3317</a> <br>
</dd>
<dd>FÂ Â <a href="tel:(913)%20564-6380" value="+19135646380" target="_blank">913.564.6380</a><br>
</dd>
</span><dd>EÂ Â
<a href="mailto:nicholas.caton@schneider-electric.com" target="_blank">
nicholas.caton@schneider-<wbr>electric.com</a><br>
<br>
<div align="right">
</div>
</dd><span class="">
<dd>15200 Santa Fe Trail Drive<br>
</dd>
<dd>Suite 204<br>
</dd>
<dd>Lenexa, KS 66219<br>
</dd>
<dd>United States<br>
<br>
</dd>
</span><dd>
<img src="cid:part16.8ED53D99.60CE42E1@whiteboxtechnologies.com" alt="[]" height="49" width="722">
<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd><span class="">
<dd>From: Equest-users
[<a href="mailto:equest-users-bounces@lists.onebuilding.org" target="_blank">
mailto:equest-users-bounces@<wbr>lists.onebuilding.org</a>]
On Behalf Of
Joe Huang via Equest-users<br>
</dd>
<dd>Sent: Thursday, December 14, 2017 8:13 PM<br>
</dd>
<dd>To: BLDG-SIM
<a href="mailto:bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org" target="_blank">
<bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.<wbr>org></a>;
EnergyPlus_Support
<a href="mailto:EnergyPlus_Support@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">
<EnergyPlus_Support@<wbr>yahoogroups.com></a>;
<a href="mailto:equest-users@lists.onebuilding.org" target="_blank">
equest-users@lists.<wbr>onebuilding.org</a><br>
</dd>
<dd>Subject: [Equest-users] White Box Technologies brings
simulation
weather data to the satellite age<br>
<br>
</dd>
</span><dd>Â <br>
<br>
</dd><span class="">
<dd>It is with joy and some trepidation to report that White
Box
Technologies (WBT) is updating all its historical weather
files with
satellite-derived solar radiation. Joy because this
overcomes what has
been the most significant question mark with weather
files; trepidation
because of the amount of work needed to carry out and
maintain this
effort. To show that this is more than marketing hype, I
need to give a
rather long explanation about this development.<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>The bane of weather data over the past three decades has
been the
solar radiation (global horizontal and direct normal)
which are not
measured parameters, but derived using various solar and
sky models. All
the familiar "typical year" sets, i.e., TMY, WYEC, IWEC,
etc.,
let alone the historical weather files, have modeled solar
radiation.
Although a lot of<br>
</dd>
<dd>work has gone into such models (see M. Iqbal,"An
Introduction to
Solar Radiation", Academic Press, 1983), there remain an
almost
intractible problem of the lack of good measured solar to
tune any of
these models. For example, in the ASHRAE IWEC2 weather
files, my team was
able to find one or two years' measured data for less than
50
locations,<br>
</dd>
<dd>from which were derived 28 sets of regression
coefficients then used
for all 3,012 IWEC2 locations.<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>For the past decade and a half, researchers around the
world have
been working to derive solar radiation from weather
satellite imagery,
driven largely by the needs of the solar power industry
for the siting of
solar power plants and getting "bankable" solar estimates
for
their arrays. Our little building energy simulation sector
can of course
benefit by hanging on the coattails of the solar power
industry, but the
downside has been to be totally priced out, since the
commercial cost for
one year's solar data for one location (grid cell)
typically runs around
$1,000.<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>A welcome development over the last five years is that
various
government offices or affiliated consortia are now
beginning to also
providing access to satellite-derived solar radiation at
minimal or more
acceptable costs under various conditions. Over the past
three years, WBT
has obtained access to such data and permission for its
use in WBT
weather files.<br>
</dd>
<dd>WBT is now either replacing the solar radiation on its
historical
weather files, or using satellite-derived radiation to
develop custom
solar coefficients for each location to extend the
satellite-derived
solar to time periods outside the available time window.
With the
exception of polar locations above or below 60/66 degrees,
island nations
in the Pacific and Indian Ocean, and a few unfortunate
"blind
spots", the entire land mass is being covered with at
least 10 years
up to 18 years of hourly solar records.<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>Starting in 2018, WBT historical weather files in the
following areas
will all have satellite-derived solar radiation for the
following time
periods: Europe, Africa, South America east of 66 West,
i.e., Brazil and
Uruguay (2004 to date), Australia (1999 to date), and East
Asia (2007 to
date, access pending). WBT historical weather files in the
following
areas will have satellite-derived solar radiation for the
indicated time
periods - North America and Central/South American down to
20 South
(1998-2015), South Asia (2000-2014), with modeled solar
radiation from
2016 on that has been individually tuned to the past
satellite-derived
solar.<br>
<br>
</dd>
</span><dd>Another benefit to the satellite-derived solar is to
increases the
number of available weather stations, which in many places
has been
limited by the lack of cloud cover data needed to model
the solar
radiation. For reasons that are not immediately
identifiable,
several English-speaking Commonwealth countries has seen a
marked drop in
the number of available stations due to the decreases in
the reporting of
cloud cover (see plot, ZAF = South Africa). For example,
the number of
stations in the UK has dropped by almost 2/3s between 2001
and 2017 (174
to 64), but with satellite-derived solar, it will go back
up to over 180,
while in Australia and South Africa the comparable numbers
are from 175
to well over 500, and from 37 to over 100, respectively.<br>
</dd><span class="">
<dd>
<img src="cid:part21.58EF16E7.D066CFB9@whiteboxtechnologies.com" alt="[]" height="337" width="625">
<br>
</dd>
<dd>If interested, customers who have purchased a historical
weather
files from WBT over the past five years can get an updated
weather file
at no cost. Lastly, although it will take at least a month
to update all
10,000 2017 files, it's very quick to do for any specific
location or
even 50 or so locations. Therefore, if you have an urgent
request please
e-mail me and I will put that at the beginning of the
queue for that
day.<br>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>-- </pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>Joe
Huang</pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>White Box Technologies,
Inc.</pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>346 Rheem Blvd., Suite
205A</pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>Moraga CA
94556</pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre><a href="mailto:yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.com" target="_blank">
yjhuang@whiteboxtechnologies.<wbr>com</a></pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre><a href="http://weather.whiteboxtechnologies.com/" target="_blank">
http://weather.<wbr>whiteboxtechnologies.com</a> for simulation-ready weather
data</pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>(o)
<a href="tel:(925)%20388-0265" value="+19253880265" target="_blank">(925)388-0265</a></pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>(c)
<a href="tel:(510)%20928-2683" value="+15109282683" target="_blank">(510)928-2683</a></pre>
<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<pre>"building energy simulations at your
fingertips"</pre>
<br>
</dd>
</span></dl>
 <br>
<br>
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