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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-AU link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Colleagues<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I wanted to mention another difference between ACBs and any other ¡®conventional¡¯ system.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Specific fan power (W/L/s) can be significantly higher that that for traditional systems as the process to create induction ratios depends on static pressure in the beam¡¯s chamber. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This requires extra energy as the ACB does not just deliver OA to the room; it is supposed to entrain another 3-5 air volumes through heat exchanger.... <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Unfortunately, manufacturers of the ACBs do no like to mention this fact when list ACB¡¯s advantages.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Cheers<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#282828'>Sergey Zhukovskiy</span></b><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#282828'><br>ESD Consultant </span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:4.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#D7542C'>Together we create change in the world</span></b><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:4.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#0073AA'>CUNDALL</span></b><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#0073AA'> <br>Level 3, 66 Wyatt Street <br>Adelaide SA 5000 <br>direct: +61 (0)4 5163 1482 <br><a href="http://www.cundall.com/Locations/Australia/Australia.aspx"><span style='color:#0073AA'>www.cundall.com.au</span></a> </span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.cundall.com/About-Us/Sustainability/Sustainability-1.aspx"><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#0073AA;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=800 height=62 id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image001.jpg@01CC5BF3.0F31E350"></span></a><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#99999B'><br>Cundall Johnston & Partners Pty Limited ACN 104 924 370. Please consider the environment before printing this e-mail.<br>Use of this email and any attachments is subject to the terms on <a href="http://www.cundall.com.au"><span style='color:#99999B;text-decoration:none'>www.cundall.com.au</span></a>. Please read that notice before proceeding. If you cannot access these terms please telephone (02) 8424 7000 or reply to this email and we will send you a copy. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> bldg-sim-bounces@lists.onebuilding.org [mailto:bldg-sim-bounces@lists.onebuilding.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Sami, Vikram<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, 15 August 2011 10:27 PM<br><b>To:</b> </span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.0pt'>Éò½à</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>; near_ej@yahoo.com<br><b>Cc:</b> bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Bldg-sim] DOAS and chilled beam/radiator<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Eleanor,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>In my experience - active chilled beams typically operate at constant volume (set to the ventilation rate in the room) and you vary the cooling rate with a 3-way valve on the cooling coil to vary the cooling capacity of the beam. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Different beam designs have different induction ratios ¨C I would look up the manufacturers data. The typical range is around 3-6.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Yes ¨C you can simulate a WSE now ¨C you need to add a chiller and select waterside economizer as chiller type. Not sure why your example is not working ¨C if you attach an inp file I¡¯m sure someone can shed some light no that. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#DCAA2C'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'>Vikram Sami</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'>, LEED AP BD+C<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'>Sustainable Design Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'>1315 Peachtree St. NE, Atlanta, GA 30309<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'>t: 404-443-7462 f: </span><span lang=ES style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'>404.892.5823 </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'> e: vikram.sami@perkinswill.com </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><a href="http://www.perkinswill.com/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray;text-decoration:none'>www.perkinswill.com</span></a></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:3.0pt;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'>Perkins+Will.</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:gray'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#ADD425'>Ideas + buildings that honor the broader goals of society</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:green'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> </span><span lang=ZH-CN style='font-size:10.0pt'>Éò½à</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> [mailto:shenjie820730@hotmail.com] <br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, August 14, 2011 10:36 PM<br><b>To:</b> near_ej@yahoo.com; Sami, Vikram<br><b>Cc:</b> bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org<br><b>Subject:</b> RE: [Bldg-sim] DOAS and chilled beam/radiator<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>Hi, Neeraj and Vikram: <br></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'><br>Thanks for your promote advice. I'm reading</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>DOE22Vol3-Topics.these days and found</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>that IU's one application is just ceiling radiator .<br></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'><br>Now, I have changed my system type</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>to</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>IU system with no separate MAU systems, but I still</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>have two puzzles :<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>1) The fan control is gray which means you can't choose variable, so is it</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>says that the</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>fan is running the full power all the time?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>2) How to define the induction ratio and make it reasonable? I'm not sure whether the recirculating air volume will affect the fan power. it seems not. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>And another question is about water economizer? Can we simulate water economizer now?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>For eQUEST 3.64, there are two methods, one is the water economizer in airside system, but the weakness of this water economizer is it will add the AHU fan power.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>The other one is the water economizer chiller in waterside system, but it seems the function is not matural, I tried , but the hourly report shows the chillers still running in the winter for very low cooling load. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>Thanks in advance. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>Eleanor Shen<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'><hr size=2 width="100%" align=center></span></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'><br>Date: Sat, 13 Aug 2011 02:11:07 -0700<br>From: near_ej@yahoo.com<br>Subject: Re: [Bldg-sim] DOAS and chilled beam/radiator<br>To: shenjie820730@hotmail.com<br>CC: Vikram.Sami@perkinswill.com; bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org<br><br></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Hello Eleanor,<br>Adding to Vikram's advice -- You may then also apply the heat recovery to the individual IU units instead of the DOAS.<br><br>But, an important question for experts who may be experienced with working real-life Chilled Beam systems is --<br><br>Whether </span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>or not the OA moved through the active chilled beams is completely (100%) Outside Air only <u>OR</u> Whether some of the supply air is still recirculated?<br>I presume it'll depend on latent loads but I understand that for most occupied zones some air is actually recirculated back to the AHU's to control the RH and balance the system!?<br>Please correct me if that is any different from anyone's real-life experience and what Vikram is referring to is the experience you all share? Vikram, your veiws?<br>We are modeling a couple of chilled beam and slab systems but with little live examples and experiences to corroborate on this aspect.<br><br>Your inputs would be valuable . . . .<br>Thanks,<br>Neeraj<br><br></span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'>Neeraj Kapoor<br>t: +91.99581.70018<br>Kalpakrit Sustainable Environments Pvt. Ltd.<br>New Delhi, India</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei","sans-serif"'><br><br><br>On 12-08-2011 17:13, Sami, Vikram wrote: <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><pre><span lang=EN-US>If you are using an active chilled beam, then you don't need to model the doas - just use 100% OA for your ahu.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Sent from a mobile device<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US> -----Original Message-----<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>From: </span><span lang=ZH-CN>Éò½à</span><span lang=EN-US> [<a href="mailto:shenjie820730@hotmail.com">mailto:shenjie820730@hotmail.com</a>]<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Sent: Friday, August 12, 2011 04:25 AM Central Standard Time<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>To: <a href="mailto:bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org">bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Subject: [Bldg-sim] DOAS and chilled beam/radiator<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Hi, all</span><span lang=ZH-CN>£»</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>I</span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡¯</span><span lang=EN-US>m simulating a project with chilled beam/radiator plus dedicated fresh air system, I search from archive, it seems most of you using DOAS (a dummy zone) and IU/FCU to simulate, DOAS provide the fresh air and IU/FCU use the </span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡°</span><span lang=EN-US>Outdoor air from</span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡±</span><span lang=EN-US> DOAS, the radiator use baseboard instead with zero fan energy power.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>But the DOAS in my project is 1) variable speed to reduce the fresh air energy base on occupancy schedule; 2) wheel heat recovery with exhaust air; 3) during the transition period, the DOAS will bypass the wheel to provide maximum fresh air to offset all the heating and cooling demand and chilled beam and radiator will shut off.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Now, my method is :<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>1) using VAV system to represent DOAS , enter the </span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡°</span><span lang=EN-US> Design supply/return </span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡°</span><span lang=EN-US> flow to show the DOAS fresh air and exhaust air volume;<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>2) Define the wheel heat recovery with fresh air and exhaust air, and operation control is </span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡°</span><span lang=EN-US>OA exhaust DT</span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡±</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>3) Define the dummy with the same maximum fresh air volume, and also control the cool and heat temperature (otherwise the heat recovery will not work at all).<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>It seems works very well. But when I reading hourly report, I found the fresh air volume keeps the maximum all the time, so the fan running at the rated power the whole year, which results in the large fan energy consumpation.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>How can I make the DOAS</span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡¯</span><span lang=EN-US>s fresh air volume variable and fan variable according to the acutal IU/FC</span><span lang=ZH-CN>¡¯</span><span lang=EN-US>s fresh air volume ??<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Any comments and suggestions will be appreciated.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Eleanor Shen (</span><span lang=ZH-CN>Éò½à£©</span><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Consultant<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Environmental Resources Management<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Tel: +8621-5385 3050, ext:158<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Fax: +8621-6469 2185<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>Email: <a href="mailto:eleanor.shen@erm.com">eleanor.shen@erm.com</a> <a href="mailto:j@erm.com"><mailto:j@erm.com></a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.erm.com/" target="_blank">www.erm.com</a> <a href="http://www.erm.com/" target="_blank"><http://www.erm.com/></a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>ERM Chinese Web Page<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><a href="http://www.ermcn.com/" target="_blank">www.ermcn.com</a> <a href="http://www.ermcn.com/" target="_blank"><http://www.ermcn.com/></a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>*** ERM is granted Class A EIA License by China SEPA***<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>***ERM is named the 2008 Environmental Advisor of the Year (Acquisitions Monthly) ***<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></pre><pre><span lang=EN-US>This email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and intended solely for the addressee. 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