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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Alright, we are on the same page!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Main Question Answer in short: Use the F-factor of a 6” slab as
listed in the table. It’s less work for you, it’s defensible to a reviewer,
and this should not significantly impact any calculations relative to the conductivity
of an otherwise equivalent 4” slab.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Fleshed out responses:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>I’ve observed the same.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>This “runaround”/dead-end you’re also pointing out is the first
point of defense against any reviewer or local code officials who would have
you do anything else. 90.1 explicitly does not permit any calculations/methodology
outside of using that table.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span
style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>So that you can sleep easy at night, note that 90.1 also draws a
line regarding what constitutes a significant deviation by defining the term “adequately
represented”: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;
mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>a.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>A1.2.b.
reads (abbreviated): “An assembly is deemed to be adequately represented if … changes
… to the base assembly do not increase or decrease the R-value by more than 2
from that indicated…” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;
mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>b.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This
may seem somewhat arbitrary in discussion of F-factors, but you can be
reasonably assured (and further defend the decision to use a 6” F-factor) that
an additional 2 inches of concrete in your proposed slab construction,
considering all possible concrete mixes, is very likely <u>not</u> going to swing
the net R-value of the slab + footing by more than 2. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;
mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>c.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>My materials
charts reference (from 2001 fundamentals) lists only 2 exceptions to that
statement – they’re the very least-dense options for “polystyrene aggregate”
and “foam concretes*,” which stand apart with a shared listed density of 20pcf.
These two in the list have an “R-per-inch” value above 1. All other values for
concrete are around or less than 0.5 per inch.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;
mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>d.<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>If
you have to, I’m pretty certain you can quickly calculate the net difference
from a 6” slab using materials in fundamentals per above (or better yet,
whatever’s listed in Appendix A for concrete), and show any meticulous
reviewers/officials that the net difference in terms of R-value is less than 2,
referencing A1.2.b.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>~Nick<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>* On a complete tangent, a friend of mine did a masters report
on lightweight concretes in construction during my last semester, so I once got
to play around once with a sample of foam-infused concrete block… That stuff
is a mind bender like clear Pepsi from the 90’s! Their densities can be in the
vicinity of a block of cork, for reference. Much fun playing one-handed catch
with a CMU =). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><img width=119 height=37 id="_x0000_i1026"
src="cid:image001.jpg@01CBED29.2690B190" alt="cid:489575314@22072009-0ABB"></span><b><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Stylus BT","sans-serif";color:#2D4D5E'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Stylus BT","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Stylus BT","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>NICK CATON, E.I.T.</span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Stylus BT","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#CC9900'>PROJECT ENGINEER<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>Smith & Boucher Engineers</span><span style='font-size:7.5pt;
color:#CC9900'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>25501 west valley parkway<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>olathe ks 66061<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>direct 913 344.0036<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>fax 913 345.0617<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><a href="www.smithboucher.com"
title="blocked::www.smithboucher.com"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>www.smithboucher.com</span></a></span><u><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:blue'> </span></u><span
style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
color:windowtext'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext'> Patrick J. O'Leary, Jr.
[mailto:poleary1969@gmail.com] <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, March 28, 2011 6:22 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Nick Caton<br>
<b>Cc:</b> bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Bldg-sim] f-factor & table a6.3 (90.1-2004 & 2007)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>you're pretty much right on the same track. i realized
after i sent it the email only had the main question buried in the middle and i
have a side question to go with it. <br>
<br>
main question: what is the f-factor of a 4" concrete slab?<br>
reason for question: most architects in southern arizona specify, and
contractors build, an unheatd 4" concrete slab for standard office/retail.
6" concrete slab for warehouses and other spaces where heavier loads are
common. <br>
<br>
secondary question: does a building with a 4" concrete slab meet the
f-factor requirements of 90.1 per table A6.3? (unheated or heated,
unheated in my case though).<br>
reason for question: need to demonstrate 90.1-2004/2007 compliance for
floor f-factor. unclear as to answer.<br>
<br>
1. all of the research/other references to f-factors that i've found also
reference the 6" slab, the same research, and 90.1, and from what i've
seen/can tell they only tested at a 6" slab with 8" and 4" walls
and varying insulations. <br>
2. the problem with calculating an f-factor, even if using ashrae
fundamentals derived constructions, per 90.1, is that calculations are
prohibited by Section A9 Determination of Alternate Assembly U-Factors,
C-Factors, or F-Factors, or Heat Capacities, SubSection A9.2(e),
"Slab-on-Grade Floors: no testing or calculations allowed."<br>
3. which leads me back to section a6.3.2, which states in reference to
Table A6.3, "These <i>F-factors</i> are acceptable for all <i>slab-on-grade
floors</i>." - but is it really? how does one defend a building
official or leed review comment for a 4" slab f-factor? if section
a.6.3.2 is literally correct then the f-factor for an unheated 4" slab is
the same 0.73 as an unheated 6" slab. since the f-factor is based on
linear feet and not square feet this could make sense if the thermal capacity
of the thickness of the slab does not matter for f-factor. note though
that 4", 6", and 8" lightweight concrete all have the same
conductivity (3.7), density (80), and specific heat (0.22) (per the 2009
fundamentals). knowing the thickness of the slab may be insignificant to
the f-factor calculation is one thing, proving/demonstrating it to a code
official/leed reviewer is another. i have asked my local code officials
(who are pe's also) and they don't know the the answer(s) either ... <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
On 3/28/11 2:41 AM, Nick Caton wrote: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Hm…</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>The heart of your query isn’t really crystal clear to me, but
I’ll take a stab:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Section A1.2 says if a building official feels sections A2
through A8 do not “adequately represent” the proposed construction, Section A9
is to be used, but A.9.2.e. curtly says no alternate procedures are permitted
to find alternative F-factors for SOG floors. At first glance, it would
appear the 90.1 committee might be giving any extremely meticulous building
officials/reviewers/designers the run-around.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>The way I see it, Section A6 in its entirety is suggesting
concrete slab thickness varying from 6 inches “doesn’t matter much.” </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>More precisely: “Real-world” SOG design within the confines of
any 90.1 calculations shall be restricted to the following variables:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The R-value of any
insulation, if present</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The configuration of
said insulation, if present,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Whether the slab is
heated</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>Note there are a series of variables are not brought up or
either explicitly held constant, beyond slab thickness, and I understand these
all can have a decent effect on perimeter conductivity:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>What’s on top of the
slab</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Slab height relative
to grade / footing exposure</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Soil
conductivity/moisture properties</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>For further reading, I know there are multiple white papers out
there going well into depth if that’s what you’re seeking – LBNL comes to mind
as being part of some research… I personally haven’t charged myself with
crunching the numbers up to this point, rather letting my software of choice do
the legwork.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>The reasons I would speculate that section A6.1 specifies a 6”
thickness would include</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>It helps
ground/quantify from what the numbers in the table are derived</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>It gives a reference
to the base construction’s thermal mass – necessary should you wish to model
something different for your proposed constructions within the context of, say,
an Appendix G performance rating.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='text-indent:-.25in'><span style='font-size:
11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>While a strict reading
of appendix A might lead one to believe all constructions used in all
calculations must follow the prescribed values, I’ve only ever run into one
reviewer who called into question the use of custom constructions and ASHRAE
Fundamentals-derived materials/properties which do not appear within the
(relatively abbreviated) Appendix A. I think the real intent is to
provide a description of those constructions as defined earlier in the code –
namely envelope constructions in the context of describing either a
“prescriptive minimum” or in the context of energy modeling as the “baseline
constructions.” I do not believe the intent of Appendix A is to restrict/limit
the design decisions that may be made outside of the presented materials/tables.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>I’m on a bit of a limb here, but I’m speculating at what may
have prompted your question… does this miss the mark?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'>~Nick</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><img border=0 width=119 height=37 id="Picture_x0020_1"
src="cid:image001.jpg@01CBED29.2690B190" alt="cid:489575314@22072009-0ABB"></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Stylus BT","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Stylus BT","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>NICK CATON, E.I.T.</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#CC9900'>PROJECT ENGINEER</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>Smith & Boucher Engineers</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>25501 west valley parkway</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>olathe ks 66061</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>direct 913 344.0036</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#2D4D5E'>fax 913 345.0617</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'><a href="www.smithboucher.com"
title="blocked::www.smithboucher.com"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>www.smithboucher.com</span></a></span><u><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:blue'> </span></u><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div style='border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in;
border-color:-moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color'>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
color:windowtext'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:windowtext'> <a
href="mailto:bldg-sim-bounces@lists.onebuilding.org">bldg-sim-bounces@lists.onebuilding.org</a>
[<a href="mailto:bldg-sim-bounces@lists.onebuilding.org">mailto:bldg-sim-bounces@lists.onebuilding.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Patrick J. O'Leary, Jr.<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, March 24, 2011 7:12 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org">bldg-sim@lists.onebuilding.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Bldg-sim] f-factor & table a6.3 (90.1-2004 & 2007)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal>knowing that <br>
<br>
1) appendix a, section 6.1, references that "For the purpose of Section
A1.2, the base assembly is a slab floor of 6 in. concrete poured directly on to
the earth ..." meets the requirement for an unheated slab f-factor of
0.73, and<br>
2) section a6.3, f-factors for slab-on-grade floors, a.6.3.1 states:
"<i>F-factors</i> for slab-on-grade floors shall be taken from Table
A6.3", and<br>
3) section a6.3.2 states: "These <i>F-factors</i> are acceptable for all <i>slab-on-grade
floors</i>."<br>
<br>
does the "all slab-on-grade floors" really mean any thickness of
slab-on-grade? i.e. section 6.1 references a 6-inch uninsulated slab
meeting the 0.73 f-factor requirement, but per sections a6.3.2 and table a6.3 a
4-inch uninsulated slab (or an 8-inch uninsulated slab) would also meet the
0.73 f-factor requirement. so why would section a6.1 specify a 6-inch
slab when any slab thickness will suffice? the user's manuals (both
years) just refer to table a6.3 for f-factor values.<br>
<br>
the state of washington has a similar section in its energy code (see link
below), page 41, table 4-2. section 1003.2 (also page 41) lists "All
on-grade slab floors as assumed to be 6 inch concrete poured directly onto the
earth." note that on page 40, table 10.1, the f-factors
decrease the deeper the below grade the slab-on-grade floor is.<br>
<a href="http://ftp.resource.org/codes.gov/wa_energy.pdf">http://ftp.resource.org/codes.gov/wa_energy.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
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