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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:navy'>Radiation on the inner side of the wall is more than 50% of
the overall heat transfer, so it certainly can not be ignored. It can be
reasonably estimated by using standard black body radiation equation, but it
can not be ignored. Also, convective surface heat transfer coefficient of
the wall is not really known. You would need to know if the air flow is
within natural or forced convection (i.e., measure velocity) to be able to get
even close to the real h.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:navy'>For in-situ measurement of the U-factor, which is in reality
heat flux through the wall divided by air to air temperature difference:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:navy'>U = q/(T_air-in – T_air-out)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:navy'>The best and most reliable approach is direct measurement of
q, which can be accomplished by surface heat flux transducers. These are
available from Omega and probably some other companies. Their price is in
$300 range. They connect to standard DAS such as HP 34970A. One
thing to consider is correction of outside air temperature if there is
significant difference between air temperature and radiation temperature (e.g.,
night sky radiation). There is standard equation for mean radiant
temperature calculation in that case, so T_air-out should be really
T_mr_out. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
BLDG-SIM@gard.com [mailto:BLDG-SIM@gard.com] <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>On
Behalf Of </span></b>Gunes Inan<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Wednesday, May 09, 2007
10:00 AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> BLDG-SIM@gard.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [BLDG-SIM] On-site
U-value measurement</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Thanks for your
replies.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>We currently have a
thermal camera but I never used it to record quantitative results. <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Brandon</st1:City></st1:place>, you mentioned about
“tuning” the heat transfer equation. If we write a steady-state
surface heat balance equation for the inner side of the wall:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Q_convection=Q_conduction<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>h*(T_air –
T_wall_in)=k*(T_wall_in - T_wall_out)/x_wall <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>where radiation is
negligible and h is known, than we should be able to calculate k and u-value,
if I am not wrong. Is this what you mean by tuning? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>The u-values that I
obtain either by calculation or measurement need not to be accurate in the
academic level, instead it should be practical so as to analyze more houses and
reach more people. We actually intend to improve the energy efficiency of
houses for which neither we nor the inhabitant have information about the
constituents of the wall.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Prof. Sibilio, thanks
for referring me the Hukseflux. As I called the company, they told me that each
heat flux measurement takes about 24 hours. Is this the way you do it or do you
know any tricks to get reasonable results in a shorter time.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Gunes Inan<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face=Arial><span lang=TR style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=TR style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>Kimden:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=TR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> BLDG-SIM@gard.com
[mailto:BLDG-SIM@gard.com] <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Yerine </span></b>Brandon
Nichols<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Tarih:</span></b> 08 Mayıs 2007
Salı 20:58<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Kime:</span></b> BLDG-SIM@gard.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Konu:</span></b> [BLDG-SIM] On-site U-value
measurement</span></font><span lang=TR><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face="Lucida Console"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Console";color:blue'>Hello,</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face="Lucida Console"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Console";color:blue'>You may
find an infrared thermal imager to be a powerful tool, useful for the
application you have indicated and many others. Here's a link to Fluke
Corp. thermal imaging notes for building systems, there are many other
manufacturers...</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face="Lucida Console"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Console";color:blue'><a
href="http://us.fluke.com/usen/support/appnotes/default?category=AP_TH_BM(FlukeProducts)&parent=AP_THERMO(FlukeProducts">http://us.fluke.com/usen/support/appnotes/default?category=AP_TH_BM(FlukeProducts)&parent=AP_THERMO(FlukeProducts</a>)</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face="Lucida Console"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Console";color:blue'>For building
systems, the thermal imager is useful for finding voids in insulation,
infiltration losses, calculating the overall heat loss correction due to
framing framing elements, etc..</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face="Lucida Console"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Console";color:blue'>Using the
thermal imager, you will have to "tune" heat loss equations
based on observed temperature differential data to derive U-values. These
instruments typically have the ability to scan large areas and quickly
calculate a weighted average and other statistical factors for each
image. </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face="Lucida Console"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Console";color:blue'>Unfortunately
they are not cheap, and probably overkill for just measuring the
U-values of specific materials. Personally I don't know any way to
measure U-values directly with a hand-held instrument, but it seems such a
device wouldn't be hard to put together with a data acquisition unit and a
couple of thermocouples.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face="Lucida Console"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Console";color:blue'>Regards</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=blue face="Lucida Console"><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Lucida Console";color:blue'>Brandon
Nichols, PE<br>
Mechanical<br>
HARGIS ENGINEERS<br>
<st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on">600 Stewart St</st1:address></st1:Street><br>
<st1:address w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on">Suite</st1:Street> 1000</st1:address><br>
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">Seattle</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">WA</st1:State>
<st1:PostalCode w:st="on">98101</st1:PostalCode></st1:place><br>
d | 206.436.0400 c | 206.228.8707<br>
o | 206.448.3376 f | 206.448.4450<br>
<a href="http://www.hargis.biz">www.hargis.biz</a></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Arial><o:p> </o:p></font></p>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabIndex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
BLDG-SIM@gard.com [mailto:BLDG-SIM@gard.com] <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>On
Behalf Of </span></b>Gunes Inan<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Tuesday, May 08, 2007 7:46
AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> BLDG-SIM@gard.com<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [BLDG-SIM] On-site
U-value measurement</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Dear All,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>We are looking for a
hand-held instrument for on-site measurement of the U-value or thermal
conductivity of walls. Any experience about the measurement techniques and
recommendations about instruments and brands are greatly appreciated. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Thank You,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Gunes Inan</span></font><font
size=1 color=navy face="Century Gothic"><span style='font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Century Gothic";color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=1 color=navy face="Century Gothic"><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Century Gothic";color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span lang=TR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>R&D Engineer</span></font><font
size=2 color=navy face=Verdana><span lang=TR style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span lang=TR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Betek Paint and
Chemical Corp., Inc. </span></font><font size=2 color=navy face=Verdana><span
lang=TR style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span lang=TR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Kavakpınar Mah.,
Tandoğan Cad. No: 175, <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span lang=TR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Kaynarca, Pendik</span></font><font
size=2 color=navy face=Verdana><span lang=TR style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span lang=TR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Istanbul, Turkey</span></font><font
size=2 color=navy face=Verdana><span lang=TR style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Verdana;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Verdana><span lang=TR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:black'>Tel: +90.216.396.2070
/ Ext: 177</span></font><font size=2 color=navy face=Verdana><span lang=TR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;color:navy'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:
5.0pt;margin-left:0in'><font size=2 face=Verdana><span lang=TR
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana'>Fax: +90.216.396.6989<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<pre><font size=2 face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre><pre><font
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<p class=MsoNormal><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:navy'>Another commenter mentioned accounting for non steady-state
conditions. This is also important, but if you can catch couple of hours
of relatively unchanging conditions, you should be OK. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:navy'>Regards,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>-------------------------------------------------------------------</span></font><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>D. Charlie Curcija</span></font><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><strong><b><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Design</span></font></b></strong>Builder
Software<font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><st1:Street
w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font size=3 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>18 Tanglewood Rd.</span></font></st1:address></st1:Street><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Amherst</span></font></st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">MA</st1:State>
<st1:PostalCode w:st="on">01002</st1:PostalCode></st1:place><font size=2><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Tel: (413) 256-4647</span></font><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Fax: (413) 256-4823</span></font><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>cell: (413) 575-3487</span></font><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>email: </span></font><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><a
href="mailto:curcija@designbuildersoftware.com"
title="blocked::mailto:curcija@designbuildersoftware.com
mailto:curcija@designbuildersoftware.com"><font
size=3 title="blocked::mailto:curcija@designbuildersoftware.com"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'>curcija@designbuildersoftware.com</span></font></a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font
size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>web: <a
href="http://www.designbuildersoftware.com/"
title="blocked::http://www.designbuildersoftware.com/">http://www.designbuildersoftware.com</a></span></font><font
size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><em><b><i><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Support open document format as
the best way to assure full compatibility and interoperability!</span></font></i></b></em><em><b><i><font
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bold'> </span></font></i></b></em><b><i><font size=2><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'><o:p></o:p></span></font></i></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><i><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></i></b></p>
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